Angan-angan koe

2. Manusia Modern

Homo habilis (manusia terampil) adalah human species. Homo habilis ini mengalami evolusi menjadi homo erectus yang diperkirakan pada 1,5 Ma sampai 0,5 Ma. Tahap selanjutnya homo erectus berevolusi lagi menjadi homo sapiens. Homo sapiens sapiensis (early man) inilah yang kita sebut sebagai manusia modern yang kira-kira berumur 150.000 tahun sebelum masehi. Temuan fosil yang paling awal tentang manusia modern ini di africa.

Manusia modern baru mengenal pakaian kira-kira 0,75 Ma dan mereka mulai bermigrasi ke Eropa sekitar 0,5 Ma. Pada zaman ini masih dalam periode “Ice` Age”.  Diperkirakan jaman es berakhir kira-kira 6.000 SM

Oleh karenanya manusia modern umumnya baru berbicara pada periode sekitar 6.000 SM.

Di Eropa : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch07.htm

Civilization came to Europeans later than it did to people in West Asia, North Africa, India and China. It was preceded by agriculture and the raising of animals, which appeared in sunny Greece as early as 6000 BCE – around the time that people there built stone walls around their villages, presumably to protect themselves from wild animals and marauding outsiders. In the coming thousand years, farming spread from Greece into the colder southern Balkans. Between 5000 and 4000 BCE it spread up the Danube River into central Europe, along the Rhine River, the Netherlands, Gaul and finally into what is now Switzerland. During these times, Europeans used digging sticks and hoes made of wood. They had stone axes with a sharpened and polished edge, and they had stone knives for reaping their crops. They used ornamented pottery. And where wood was plentiful they built log homes – as large as thirty by forty meters.

Di Asia Minor : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch03.htm

Those who conquered the Sumerians were a Semitic people. A dynasty of Semitic kings came to rule the city of Kish. There, perhaps around 2200 BCE, a former cup-bearer to one of these kings overthrew the ruling dynasty. With good military tactics that included holding and fighting from high ground, he extended his rule. He defeated the Sumerian king of Nippur, where the Sumerian god Enlil was believed to dwell. He claimed that his victories were given to him by Enlil. And he became known as Sargon the Great.

Di India : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch05.htm

Sometime around 6000 BCE a nomadic herding people settled into villages in the Mountainous region just west of the Indus River. There they grew barley and wheat using sickles with flint blades, and they lived in small houses built with adobe bricks. After 5000 BCE the climate in their region changed, bringing more rainfall, and apparently they were able to grow more food, for they grew in population. They began domesticating sheep, goats and cows and then water buffalo. Then after 4000 BCE they began to trade beads and shells with distant areas in central Asia and areas west of the Khyber Pass. And they began using bronze and working metals.

Di China : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch06.htm

By 5000 BCE agricultural communities had spread through much of what is now called China, and there were agricultural villages from the Wei River Valley eastward, parallel with the great Yellow River (Huang He), which flowed out of the Kunlun Mountains to the deciduous forest and loess soil region of the North China Plain. Where people were free of forest and had access to water they grew millet – as early as 5500 BCE – while they continued to hunt deer and other game, to fish and gather food. And they raised dogs, pigs and chickens. They built one-room homes dug into the earth, with roofs of clay or thatch: pit homes grouped in villages. They had spinning wheels and knitted and wove fibers. And they made pottery decorated with art.

Di Afrika dan Mesir : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch02.htm

Between 9000 and 4000 BCE, northern Africa and the Sahara were grass and woodland with an abundance of rainfall, rivers, lakes, fish and other aquatic life. Anthropologists speculate that from North Africa’s Mediterranean coast, people migrated into the Sahara and that people migrated into the Sahara from the south. There communities raised sheep and goats, as people did along the Mediterranean coast. And communities of people fished in the lakes and rivers of the region, using intricately made bone harpoons and fishing hooks, some using nets with weights and other tools for harvesting aquatic creatures. Living a settled life, people began using pottery and growing food, using stone and wooden tools. To the east, along the upper Nile, including what was to be Nubia, people by 6000 BCE were growing sorghum and millet and a wheat believed to be of African origin. And by 4000 BCE, people in the middle of the Sahara region were raising cattle. Then around 3500 BCE the climate of North Africa began to dry, perhaps in part because of overgrazing – wetness needing vegetation as well as vegetation needing water. The Sahara started to change from grass and woodland to desert.

Di Mesopotania : http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch01.htm

By 7000 BCE, in what is called the Fertile Crescent, in West Asia where hunter-gatherers had roamed, planting had grown into the major source of food. There true farming had begun, and farming required permanent settlement. By 4500 BCE people archaeologists would call Ubaidians were living in towns in West Asia, in Mesopotamia (Greek for “between two rivers”) near where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers emptied into the Persian Gulf. The Ubaidians drained marshes. They grew wheat and barley and irrigated their crops by digging ditches to river waters. They kept farm animals. Some of them manufactured pottery. They did weaving, leather or metal work, and some were involved in trade with other societies